The Noun
الاسم

The noun is a word by wich a person, a thing is named
Nouns are classified into : countables and uncountables



a- Countable nouns الأسماء القابلة للتعداد
1countable nouns are things we count
2countable nouns can be singular or plural
3these nouns have plurals
Singular Plural
A pupil pupils
A book books
An insects insects



b- Uncountable nouns الأسماء الغير قابلة للتعدد
1uncountable nouns are things we cannot count
2they cannot be used with the articles a and an
3they have no plural
Here are the most important uncountable nouns
Work, traffic, luggage, forniture, knowledge, hair, advice, gold, wood, oil, milk, water, information, news





c- Singular or plural ? مفرد أم جمع

1the mark of plural is generally s or es
A house houses
A tree trees
A dress dresses



Plurals of nouns : spelling
-
Consonant +y = ies
A country ___ countries

Vowel + y = s
A play ___ plays

O __ os or oes
A potato ___ potatoes / a hero ___ heroes
A kilo ____ kilos / a radio __ radios




2Some nouns don ‘t end in « s » in the plural. They have irregular plurals
Singular Plural
A man / a woman men/ women
A child children
A foot/ a tooth feet/ teeth
A wife/ a knife wives/ knives
A medium medi
A mouse mice
Phenomenon phenomena
A crisis crises



3some nouns are plural and have no singular
Jeans, trousers, glasses, scissors, stairs, pyjamas



4these nouns end in « s » but they are not plural
Mathematics, gymnastics, athletics, economics, news
Eg. Mathematics is my favourite subject
No news is good news



5these nouns end in « s » and can be singular or plural
Means, series, species
Eg
• The plane is a very quick means of transport
• The means od transport are not well-developed in the third world countries



6some singular nouns refer to groupes of peoplem ; they are collective nouns
The family, the club, the police, the government, the crew, the team, the staff, the jury

These nouns are followed by singular verbs if we consider the groupe as a unit
Eg. The new government is composed of 35 ministers
The Algerian family is getting smaller and smaller


But these nouns often have plural verbs when we consider the members of the group as diffrent individuals
Eg. The government have decided to increase taxes
Nabil has succeeded in his exams ; his family are proud of him




7some singular expressions usually have plural verbs
These expressions are
The majority of../ a lot of …/ a number of …/ a group of…/ the rest of …
Eg. The majority of the senators have voted against the new law
Only a couple of pupils are present today




8Expressions of quantities and plural names of countries have singular verbs
Eg. 6.000$ is a good bargain for that car
The Netherlands has a border with Germany





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التالي: The Articles أدوات النكرة و المعرفة

The Articles
أدوات النكرة و المعرفة


a- The indefinite Article أداة النكـــرة
1The indefinnite article is « a » or « an ». it means one
Eg. A boy
A year
A child
A house



2a» and « an » are used only before singular countable nouns
• We use « a » before consonant sounds, nouns that begin with a consonant.
Eg. A girl __ a room ___ a table
• We use « an » before vowel sounds, nouns that generally begin with a vowel
Eg. An orange ___ an armchair ___ an elephant
• We use «a» or «an» when we don’t know which thing we mean, when it is the first time we speak about it
Eg. A man was standing near the door of the office. He was carrying a heavy bag
There was an accident this morning. A car crashed into a tree



3We use « a » or « an » before jobs
Eg. My father works as a doctor
Rania wants to be an architect


4a » and « an » are not used with uncountable nouns like
Water, hair, milk, language, information, furniture


5In the plural we use no article or some
Eg. A professor is a university teacher
Professors are university teachers





b- The definite article THE أداة التعريـــف

1We use the definite article « the » when we know which one/ones we mean
Eg. I saw a man standing at the corner of the street. The man was wearing a dark suit


2The definite article can be used with countable nouns in the singular and plural
Eg. The pupil ___ the pupils
The window ___ the windows


3The definite articleis used with countable nouns
Eg. Pass me the bread, please







• When do we use The متى نستعمل ؟ THE

a-Before the preposition of o the relative that
Eg. The car of my uncle
The English that you speak is quite good




b-If we have already mentioned what we are speaking about
Eg. They lived in a small village. The village was situated on a hill
A woman entered the shop. The woman was wearing a coat made of fur




c-For things that are unique in their category
Eg. The sun, the moon, the univers




d- Before the names of rivers, of ranges of mountains
Eg. The Thames crosses London
The djurdjura lies in the north of Algeria



e-Before names of instruments o music
Eg. He played the piano very well



f-Before singular nouns when they represent the whole category or species, except man and woman
Eg. The white bear is an endangered species
The dog is a faithful animal


g- Before adjectives used as nouns
Eg. The rich should help the poor




• When do we suppress the article THE متــى لا تستعمل أداة التعريف

a-Before materials, foods and drinks
Eg. Algeria exports oil to Europe



b-Before names of countries (except when these countries are composed of different parts(, and montains
Eg. He settled in Sweden before leaving to the U.S.A



c-Before colours, languages
Eg. Red, orange and purple are warm colours
I can speak French, English and Italian



d- Before subjects taught at scool, sports, hobbies, religions
Eg. The most popular soprt is football


e- Before titles followed by proper names
Eg. Queen Elizabeth II visited Australia some time ago


f- Before seasons and meals
Eg. The season that i like best is spring



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التالي: الصفـــات THE ADJECTIVES

THE ADJECTIVES
الصفــــات






A- Qualifying Adjectives الصفة النعتية أو الوصفيــة

1Adjectives of quality
a- An adjective is a woed which describes nouns or pronouns. It tells us how something is, seems, looks; feels …
Eg. She was a beautiful woman
He felt unhappy when he heard the news
She seems a shy person
Adjectives generally come after these verbs: be – feel – look – become – seem – sound – taste – smell


b- Adjectives are always placed before nouns
Eg. They lived in a large house
The clever pupils have been rewarded at the end of the year
c- Adjectives are invariable, that is to say, they never take the mark of the plural (s) at the end
Eg. He owns three nice cars
They are good parents
d- When there are more than one adjective in the sentence, they come in the following order:
Personal opinion + size, dimension, shape + age + colour + origin, material, lable, nationality
Eg. A wonderful large old wooden house
A clever tall youg English girl


2Adjectives ending in ed and ing
• We can use past participle to say how we feel about something or to describe the result of an action
Eg. I am interested in Jazz music
• We use the –ing form to talk abou the thing or the person that makes us feel interested, excited, etc … or to describe an action
Eg. The film we watched yesterday was very intersting


3Adjctives used as nouns
• We can use adjectives to refer to some social groups. In case we don’t use a noun after the adjective
Eg. The young __ the old __ the rich __ the poor __ the handicapped __ the blind __the dead
• These words are plural
Eg. The old are often neglected in the present societies



B- Possessive adjectives
The possessive adjectives are
My _ your _ his _ her _ its _ our _ their
a- They are placed before a noun
b- They indicate that something belongs to somebody
Eg. This pen belongs to me. It is my pen
This dog belongs to them. It is their dog
C- We use possessive adjectives with parts of the body and clothes
Eg. I fell and broke my arm


C - Demonstrative Adjectives صفات الإشارة

a- They are :
This, that, these, those
b- Demonstrative adjectives can be singular or plural
- We use this (singular) and these (plural) for persons or things when they are close to us in time, space, or that we like
- We use that (singular) and those (plural) for persons or things when they are far from us in tie or space, or that we reject or dislike



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التالـــي: The Comperatives & The Superlatives الصفة في حالة مقارنـــة